Essay on The Debate Over Internet Censorship - 1547 Words

The Debate Over Internet Censorship Many people believe the Internet has become the World’s Emancipation Proclamation. They believe that this newfound cyber-freedom will free countless generations of people. These people will be of every race, creed and color, whose lives, up until now, have been restrained by the paradigm of governments. Whether it is the United States Government, or the government of a foreign nation, the Internet will be our new Underground Railroad of cyberspace. Recently, the World Wide Web has come under fire from various forms of censorship. Singapore has been a giant of aggressiveness in regard to censorship and technology. But even with Singapore’s relentless efforts for control of the World†¦show more content†¦We can understand from reading historical events why censorship does exist, and why it may exist in excess in one country as opposed to another. Kolko, Regan and Romano state: Bill Gates noted that all countries—from Singapore and China to the U.S. and Europe—wanted to control what they perceived to be undesirable material [9]. Germany is concerned over neo-Nazi content; Britain wants to protect state secrets. France (following the posting of Le Grand Secret, a banned book about the late President Francois Mitterand’s fight against cancer, which apparently violated medical secrecy and privacy laws) is proposing that the European countries start drafting international rules for the Internet [19]. Even the U.S., often regarded as a bastion of free speech and expression, now has to grapple with the â€Å"communication decency† due to the telecommunications legislation passed by Congress and signed by President Clinton this past February. (429) By attempting to censor the Internet are we taking the application of existing laws that apply to our physical and tangible world and modifying them to fit the world of electronic technology and cyber space? Are current local, state, and federal laws applicable to restricting the super-highway of worldwide information? William D. Rumsey, Ph.D. of Philosophy at Indiana University Southeast, brought up a very good pointShow MoreRelated Should the Internet be censored? Essay861 Words   |  4 Pages Should the Internet be censored? From colonial times to the present, the media in America has been subject to censorship challenges and regulations. The Internet has become a vast sea of opportunity. Everyone is seizing the moment. The good and the bad of society have reduced the meaning of the Internet. Menace threatens each onlooker, as people browse the many pages of Cyberspace. As the new technological advances help to shape our society, one cannot help but think of the dangers waiting to preyRead MoreModern Technology And Its Effect On Society Essay1457 Words   |  6 Pagesand with the internet came cyber-attacks. Governments all over the world continuously have to adjust to the new technology with policies that take away the rights and privacy of their citizens. How far is one supposed allow its country to spy on its citizens and take away their right to privacy? It is not the citizens’ responsibility to worry about the safety of the people, thus the cost of safety should not be on the shoulders of th e people. People who object to internet censorship believe thatRead MoreThe Invention Of The World Wide Web1674 Words   |  7 Pagesto another, to wondering if it were safe, there have always and will continue to be questions about the great creation. As time has passed and the web has gotten more sophisticated, more questions are constantly brought up wondering how safe the internet is for the users. Those users ranging from businesses that use the web to gather consumers to the casual user who roams leisurely through the web for various reasons. In this day and age where the web is such an essential part of life, there areRead MoreInternet Censorship: Censoring Freedom Essay1707 Words   |  7 Pagesmatter of seconds. Ever since the internet was first made publically available in 1991 the ease of accessing entertainment, education, and information has been increasing every year. We now live in an age where roughly 30% of all people in the entire world are connected to the web (World Inter net Usage Statistics New and World Population Stats). However, despite the obvious advantages of the internet’s freedom, some countries are trying to control the internet and display what it deems appropriateRead MoreCensorship on the Internet Essay908 Words   |  4 PagesCensorship on the Internet Five years after the first world wide web was launched at the end of 1991, The Internet has become very popular in the United States. Although President Clinton already signed the 1996 Telecommunication ActI on Thursday Feb 8, 1996, the censorship issue on the net still remains unresolved. In fact, censorship in cyberspace is unconscionable and impossible. Trying to censor the Internet its problematic because the net is an international issue, there is no standard forRead MoreEssay Censorship Is Wrong846 Words   |  4 Pages Censorship: an official authorised to examine printed matter, films, news, etc., before public release, and to suppress any parts on the grounds of obscenity, a threat to security, etc. (Dictionary, MS Encarta) Censorship is the removal of material from public viewing or the ability to withhold any material from being released. Using this definition, this issue of pornography seems to be in the grey area of the censorship debate. On the one side there are the people who want to protect theirRead MoreFeminism and Pornography: Differing Views1221 Words   |  5 PagesThe pornography debate has been an issue within the feminist movement that has been pushed to the periphery in recent times. It is not as widely seen on the main stage of the feminist agenda and this may be because of a division in feminist thought with regards to pornography. Generally speaking, there are â€Å"pro-sex† feminists who believe that women have the right to do what they wish with their bodies and there are â€Å"pro-censorship† feminists who believe pornography is inherently degrading and violentRead MoreDo Internet Service Providers Have a Responsibility to Regulate the Content That Is Available on t he World Wide Web? Is the Presence and Ease of Availability of Pornography to the General Public a Tribute to Free Speech1116 Words   |  5 PagesOver the years, society has found ways to record sexual experiences via paint, print, film and with recent technology, the Internet. Society has used every technological step forward to portray the sexual act. With each step forward this has increased the pornography forum to a broader audience. This audience is being propelled by a powerful urge to see images of sex. Nowadays pornography and the Internet, go hand in hand. However who is regulating this material, the website companies want to makeRead MoreEssay on Theme of Censorship in Bradburys Fahrenheit 4511669 Words   |  7 Pages Congress shall make no law...abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press (U.S. Constitution). Throughout the ages, censorship has shown up in various forms ranging from printed works to television and the Internet. It can have the positive effect of protecting children from things they are too immature to view, but it can also have negative effects. Censorship may even suppress new and different ideas, keeping them from being made public. It may also set limitations, which stifle the creativityRead MoreInternet Censorship Essay994 Words   |  4 Pagesor another, many are calling for the censorship of Internet pornography. While some say it is a necessity when it comes to the industry, others argue it is downright unlawful. Internet pornography is a billion dollar industry that shows no signs of slowing down. Some argue that it may be high time to step in and slow it down for them in the form of censorship. A recent study concluded that there are around 4.2 million pornographic websites on the Internet, which make up about 12 percent of the

Health Policy In Salford Manchester Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

There are many research methods from which to take for a typical research methodological analysis. In the research methodological analysis there is the undermentioned general treatment on the conducting of the research and some apprehension of type basic construct of the qualitative and quantitative methods. There are many research methods from which to take from. We will write a custom essay sample on Health Policy In Salford Manchester Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Research methods are the technique of probe used to carry on a survey. They include the usage of questionnaires, interviews, participant observation or field work with the community being studied together with the reading of official statistics and historical paperss and other techniques non so widely used. By and large there are three chief methodological analysiss. Qualitative methods Van Maanen ( 1983 ) defines qualitative methods as â€Å" an array of interpretative technique which seek to depict, decode, and translate and other wise come to term with the significance, non the frequence, of certain more or less of course happening phenomena in the natural universe. † Quantitative Methods Easterby-smith et Al ( 1995 ) described four chief ways of assemblage of quantitative informations: Interviews Questionnaires Tests/Measure Observation While they stress that the differences between quantitative and qualitative techniques is non ever clear. Quantitative methodological analysiss have an accent on the importance of establishing research upon protocol and technique. In this piece of research the writer will trust on quantitative methodological analysis in the signifier of secondary informations through assorted beginnings of database. These databases will include nose count informations to execute the analysis and happen out the consequences. The instance study country: Salford, Greater Manchester Manchester ‘s â€Å" twin metropolis † , Salford, adjoins it across the River Irwell and portions much of its history. The wider Greater Manchester part is made up of 10 metropolitan local governments: Bolton Bury Manchester ( City of ) Oldham Rochdale Salford ( City of ) Stockport Tameside Trafford Wigan The metropolitan authorization known as the ‘City of Salford ‘ comprises 20 wards and has a population of 216,000. In this survey GIS application will be used along with spacial analysis and statistical techniques to look into the world of fuel poorness in this country. This issue is of import in policy footings because it seems likely to be a major job for public wellness – and hence for the economic system – because of the increasing proportion of aged people in the population. Fuel poorness is worst among the oldest members of society, peculiarly those in disadvantaged countries such as Salford. Areas like some parts of Salford besides have a higher than mean concentration of aged people because younger people tend to go forth the country to seek employment and preparation chances elsewhere. The Health, Housing and Fuel Poverty Forum ( Mawle, 2008 ) , funded by cardinal authorities ( Defra ) is the type of policy enterprise which is conformable to being informed by sound GIS and spacial analysis work: â€Å" The focal point of this undertaking is to supply a tried, long-run and to the full sustainable attack to significantly cut downing, and finally extinguishing wellness inequalities across the state caused or exaggerated by hapless lodging and fuel poorness. † ( Mawle, 2008 ) The survey used GIS, spacial analysis and statistical techniques to look into the world of fuel poorness in this country. This issue is of import in policy footings because it seems likely to be a major job for public wellness – and hence for the economic system – because of the increasing proportion of aged people in the population. Fuel poorness is worst among the oldest members of society, peculiarly those in disadvantaged countries such as Salford. Areas like some parts of Salford besides have a higher than mean concentration of aged people because younger people tend to go forth the country to seek employment and preparation chances elsewhere. The vulnerable aged on low incomes form the bulk of those in fuel poorness nationwide. The issue will hence be an increasing job for national and local policymakers due to the aging population and therefore more elaborate research is required. Larger Numberss of aged people are now populating longer and because of other factors ( e.g. the cost of long-run attention and the basic desire to stay ‘at place ‘ ) are frequently remaining in their ain places for every bit long as possible. Harmonizing to the UK Public Health Association ( UKPHA, 2008 ) , an extra 40,000 deceases each twelvemonth nationally can be attributed to fuel poorness. Methods Data and methods The 2001 nose count of population was used in the analysis as a chief beginning of informations. The information on socio-economic conditions in Salford was gathered along with the maps of the country utilizing a assortment of resources. Specifically, informations on wellness, lodging, household constellation and other conditions in Salford ‘s wards were obtained from the 2001 Census via NOMIS or CASWEB. Maps were obtained from Ordnance Survey and other beginnings. Census informations In the nose count, ‘health ‘ was chiefly covered by two inquiries. First, responses confirm whether a individual considers themselves to be in ( a ) ‘good wellness ‘ , ( B ) ‘fairly good ‘ wellness or ( degree Celsiuss ) non in good wellness. Second, informations will be the available on whether respondents suffer from ‘limiting long-run conditions ‘ . Some other variables will be envisaged may impact people ‘s wellness in this part. These will be: whether lodging adjustment provided, or did non supply, cardinal warming ; whether people lived as portion of a twosome or lived entirely ; and whether people will be economically active or inactive ( i.e non in work, instruction or preparation ) . Consequences and Analysis Datas processing: Function Health is affected by a assortment of life style and environmental factors, including where people live, features of these locations ( including societal and environmental exposure ) . Health by and large has a spacial dimension – the wellness of the population varies harmonizing to where people live. So scientists and research workers have begun to utilize GIS package to research the potency of maps for understanding the spacial kineticss of wellness and the socioeconomic, environmental and other factors impacting which affect people ‘s wellness ( see for illustration Loslier, 2008, Gao et al 2008, Susi and Mascarenhas, 2002 ) . The tabular array of property informations was joined to the Greater Manchester map to bring forth set of maps demoing wellness inequalities across the part. Other maps were created to picture the distribution of factors impacting wellness. The Greater Manchester maps demo that the Manchester and Salford countries have the lowest figure of healthy people in the part ( see fig. 2 ) . From a simple ocular reading of the maps identified the countries with the worst wellness. This present more probe on this country below. Salford is one of the countries with the worst wellness in the Greater Manchester part. Health and other socioeconomic factors across Greater Manchester local governments Maps These were obtained from EDINA Ordnance Survey for both the Greater Manchester country as a whole and Salford ‘s component wards. The first portion of the Maps will demo the lodging and wellness determiners such as cardinal warming, people in good wellness and economic activity of Greater Manchester. While the 2nd portion of the maps will concentrate on Salford. First Part: Function Housing and Health Determinants of Greater Manchester Second Part: Maping Housing and Health Determinants of Salford Making wellness maps for Salford involved a similar procedure to that used for constructing the Greater Manchester maps. The new tabular array of properties from the NOMIS web site was prepared and saved as a dbf file and joined to the Salford boundary map. The maps were produced based on the variables identified earlier incorporating informations necessary for constructing a image of wellness in Salford. Making wellness maps for Salford involved a similar procedure to that used for constructing the Greater Manchester maps. The new tabular array of properties from the CASWEB web site was prepared and joined to the Salford boundary map. The maps were produced based on the variables identified earlier incorporating informations necessary for constructing a image of wellness in Salford ( as shown in fig. ) . Eight maps were produced to picture the countries that have the highest figure of healthy and unhealthy people ( utilizing our two indexs of wellness ) , with the other maps demoing the chief factors impacting wellness in the borough. From the maps it can be seen that the highest per centum of healthy people is located in Worsley and Boothstown ward, while the highest per centum of unhealthy people live in Langworthy and the surrounding wards. These wards are the nearest to the metropolis Centre ( cardinal Manchester – the focal urban Centre for Salford and the Greater Manchester part as a whole ) .The other maps illustrate the factors which affect wellness in Salford. The maps of adjustment with and without cardinal warming show that the highest per centum of houses with cardinal warming is located in Worsley and Boothstown, Walkden, Little Hulton and Irlam ward. This is where the healthiest people live. The lowest per centum of places with cardinal warming was found in Langworthy – where the people with last degrees of wellness ( measured by our two indexs ) live. This is evidently a simplification of the subject, but it helps us construct up a image of fuel poorness in Salford. The maps of people populating entirely or in twosomes show that the highest per centum of twosomes is once more in Worsley and Boothstown ward, whereas the highest proportions of people populating entirely be given to be located in the wards near Manchester metropolis Centre. Furthermore, the same image can be seen in the maps of economically active and inactive people, with the highest per centum of economically active people shacking in Worsley and Boothstown ward. Long-run unwellness The 3rd set of maps in this undertaking compares long-run unwellness in Salford with the same factors identified earlier ( fig. ) . The maps show a strong relationship between degrees of long-run unwellness and places without cardinal warming. The highest Numberss of people with no long-run unwellness ( what we might hence specify as the healthiest people measured on these footings ) were found in Worsley and Boothstown ward. This ward has the most belongingss with cardinal warming, and the bulk of its occupants are economically active and unrecorded in twosomes. Preliminary decisions From all the maps above we can reason that wellness may be affected by a assortment of factors. These factors include ( I ) environmental issues like air pollution, ( two ) societal factors such as populating entirely or in a couple/with a household, and ( three ) economic factors such as being in employment ( and the wealth derived functions this connotes ) , and the sort of lodging adjustment people can afford to populate in. Statistical analysis of the consequences The information will be analyzed utilizing SPSS package, so utilizing arrested development statistics to find whether there is significance. The information will be modeled the extent to which wellness is affected by variables such as cardinal warming, being economically active, populating in a twosome and so on. Map studies can be used to turn to the out semen from the analysis of the geographical informations. Arrested development analysis: In the undermentioned subdivision there will be an analysis of consequences through arrested development analysis by utilizing multiple variables. In SPSS a simple method â€Å" Analyze. Regression. LinearaˆÂ ¦.. † in each instance will be followed. There will be the choice of different standard ( dependent ) and the forecaster ( independent ) variables and will used the multiple arrested development theoretical account four times. Multiple arrested development analysis ( MRA ) is a utile method for bring forthing mathematical theoretical accounts where there are several ( more than two ) variables involved. Multiple Regression analysis: the multivariate arrested development was used for at least four times to analyse the relationship between assorted variable of lodging and wellness inequalities. Peoples in good wellness and unstanderised predicted variables. The multiple arrested developments will utilize tally of people in good wellness as a dependant variable and assorted other in dependent factors as in a variable entered tabular array. In the Standard Residual subdivision of the casewise diagnostic tabular array above, instance Numberss 33 is negative. This could be explained by a figure of factors – for illustration, possibly it is due to a higher than usual proportion of aged people in the local population. The 2001 nose count informations for Salford shows that 8 % of the populations are in the 65-74 twelvemonth age class, with the mean age for Salford being 38 old ages of age. Salford as a whole is sing a population diminution of 6 % with an progressively aging population. The 2001 nose count informations besides demonstrates this point, with 9.53 % of the population being economically inactive due to being for good ill or handicapped. This is higher than the national norm of 5.3 % within England and Wales. An ageing population, combined with people with sick wellness and low incomes will hold an impact upon future services and wellness in Salford ( Salford City Council, 2008 ) . From Graph 1 it can be seen that there is a positive linear relationship between people in good wellness and unstandardized predicted value of the independent variable. It is a positive relationship with a statistical tantrum. Second Multivariate Regression Analysis: The 2nd multiple arrested development analysis was carried out between % of people in good wellness and other variable factors such as being economically active, holding cardinal warming, populating in a twosome. In this arrested development model the relationships between one dependant variable with multiple independent variables has been analyzed. This is how multiple arrested developments are largely used for multivariate analysis ( Bryamn and Caremer, 2005 ) . This gives the ability of multivariate arrested development to analyse the relationships between one dependant variable and multiple independent variables. An advantage of multivariate arrested development is that weak variables with small statistical significance can be dropped from the theoretical account to do the staying variables important. But in the undermentioned instance no variables were dropped in order to understand different variables ‘ consequence on wellness. From the above tabular array Model Summary there is the analysis of assorted factors such as R is a step of the correlativity between the ascertained value and the predicted value of the standard variable. In the illustration this would be the correlativity between the per centum of people in good wellness and the degrees predicted by the forecaster variables. R Square ( R2 ) is the square of this step of correlativity and indicates the proportion of the discrepancy in the standard variable. In kernel this is a step of how good a anticipation of the standard variable we can do by cognizing the forecaster variables. The value R2 is a fraction between 0.0 and 1.0, and has no units. An R2 value of 0.0 agencies that X does non assist you predict Y. There is no additive relationship between X and Y, and the best-fit line is a horizontal line traveling through the mean of all Y values. A When R2 equals 1.0, all points lie precisely on a consecutive line with no spread. Knowing Ten Lashkar-e-Taibas you predict Y absolutely. From the above consequences the R2 is.659 which indicates a 65 % tantrum in the theoretical account. Adjusted R Square value is calculated which takes into history the figure of variables in the theoretical account and the figure of observations ( participants ) our theoretical account is based on. This means that 65 % of the variableness of dependent variable is explained by the variableness of the dependent variables. This tabular array is of import. The Adjusted R Square value tells us that our theoretical account histories for 64.9 % of discrepancy in the good wellness. 35.1 % of the discrepancy Idaho due to the random mistake. B. Dependent Variable: % Good or Reasonably Good Health The ANOVA portion of the end product tells us whether the arrested development equation is explicating a statistically important part of the variableness in the dependant variable from variableness in the independent variables. A P value is a step of grounds. The smaller the value of P, the greater the grounds against a simpler theoretical account than one of the possible involvement. The usage of P 0.05 as a cut-off is a convention which has an historic footing instead than a scientific, mathematical or philosophical footing. Horgan ( 2001 ) described that a p-value provides a step of whether an independent variable is associated with the dependant variable. A little p-value implies that it is. In this study we have said that an independent variable is significantly associated with the dependant variable if its p-value is less than 5 % ( i.e. P lt ; 0.05 ) . These can be interpreted as significance that there is a 95 % opportunity that the given interval will incorporate the true p arametric quantity of involvement. This tabular array reports an ANOVA, which assesses the overall significance of our theoretical account. As P lt ; 0.05 the theoretical account is important. This theoretical account is utile. In the end product from this arrested development analysis, as with the simple arrested development, sing the p-value of the F-test to see if the overall theoretical account is important. With a p-value of nothing to three denary topographic points, the theoretical account is statistically important. From the above tabular array it can be concluded that, % economically active, % cardinal warming and % of married are statistically non-significant as the T values and ( T gt ; 2 or t lt ; -2 ) and Sig. ( Sig. lt ; 0.05 ) are harmonizing to the statistical significance relationship. The Standardized Beta Coefficients give a step of the part of each variable to the theoretical account. A big value indicates that a unit alteration in this forecaster variable has a big consequence on the standard variable. The T and Sig. ( P ) values give a unsmooth indicant of the impact of each forecaster variable – a large absolute T value and little P value suggests that a forecaster variable is holding a big impact on the predicted variables. Scatter secret plan A spread secret plan allows ocular appraisal of the relationship between the response and forecaster variable. In the in writing class individual independent variables those have an affect on the wellness has been taken in order to analyse the relationship with dependent variable. In graph No.3 above a consecutive line comfortably tantrums through the informations ; hence a additive relationship exists. The spread above the line is rather high, so there is a strong additive relationship. Hence the graph indicates a strong relationship as people who are economically active are in good wellness. However, the Scatter Plot and Line of Best Fit do non state us the values of a and B ; nor do they state us if B is zero ( or near adequate to be taken as nothing ) . It surely seems that there is a positive relationship between people in good wellness and people who are economically active. The 2001 nose count showed that 39.33 % of Salford ‘s population is economically active, compared with an norm of 40.55 % within England and Wales. 13.53 % is economically inactive due to retirement, compared with the England and Wales norm of 13.54 % ( Salford City Council, 2008 ) . From the above consequences the R2 is 0.564 which indicates a 56 % tantrum in the theoretical account. The Adjusted R Square value tells us that the theoretical account histories for 55 % of discrepancy in a modification long term unwellness. In this instance, the adjusted R-squared indicates that approximately 56 % of the variableness of restricting long term unwellness is accounted for by the theoretical account. 44 % is due to random mistake. For farther analysis of the relationships of different independent variables, the T-ratio statistics is analyzed coefficient tabular array. From the above theoretical account sum-up tabular array The R-squared is 1.000, intending that about 100 % of the variableness of good wellness is accounted for by the variables in the theoretical account. In this instance, the adjusted R-squared indicates that approximately 100 % of the variableness of wellness is accounted for by the theoretical account. 0 % if the discrepancy is due to random mistake. R squared is a statistical step of how good a arrested development line approximates existent informations points. R squared is a descriptive step between nothing and one, bespeaking how good one term is at foretelling another. From the theoretical account summary the R squared value is equal to one as besides the adjusted R square, the greater the ability of that theoretical account to foretell a tendency. The more variableness of the dependant variable is being explained by the variableness of the independent variables. A value of R squared equal to one, indicates that the theoreti cal account provides perfect anticipations ( Middleton, 2006 ) . The end product from the ANOVA tabular array, as with the simple arrested development, we look to the p-value of the F-test to see if the overall theoretical account is important. With a p-value of nothing to three denary topographic points, the theoretical account is statistically important. Further analysis of the relationship between heath and other independent variables, the T-ratio statistics has been carried out in the tabular array below. The above graph No.10 indicates a negative relationship as most of the people who are economically inactive tend to be in good wellness. This graph is opposed to chart No. 3 which is for economically active. There are high degrees of unemployed families, in peculiar those in the â€Å" ne’er worked † and â€Å" long term unemployed † classs and high per centums of people in reception of a means-tested benefit. The 2001 nose count besides reports that 3.81 % of the population is economically inactive due to unemployment with 10.25 % holding ne’er worked and 28.29 % classed as long-run unemployed. 5.89 % are economically inactive due to looking after household or the place ( Salford City Council, 2008 ) . The paper examined through function and statistical analysis the relationship between lodging determiner and wellness. There are some lodging factors such as employment, lodging term of office and matrimonial position and their impact on wellness. It can be concluded from the determination that there is positive and negative relationship between wellness and lodging determiner such as economically active and inactive, married twosome and populating entirely. The relationship between hapless lodging and ailment wellness has been understood for centuries. This relationship has been illustrated by a figure of different researches clip by clip such as Lowry 1991, Friedman 2010 on lodging and wellness. Farrand said that â€Å" Action is besides required so as to cut down the inauspicious effects on kids and their instruction from unequal lodging † . In recent old ages policies such as wellness and sustainable development are progressively being inter-linked to those policies that m ight hold an affect on environmental wellness and lodging. Theses attacks has based on the rule of sustainable development. Infect sustainable development attacks in lodging development could better people wellness and cut down fuel poorness but utilizing less and in ore efficient the resources available to them. In position of the fact that the Census is carried at 10 twelvemonth intervals and the same information has been used in the current research which is 10 old ages old while the new will be available in 2011. 2001 Census information is of historic involvement and nevertheless it provides really utile baseline information on even on little countries of the metropolis. The Census contains valuable information on such as family composings, population, wellness and economic activities. From the function of Greater Manchester it can be concluded that ( see Fig. 1-9 ) Salford metropolis has the lowest scope of people in good wellness 87-88 % except Manchester and Wigan. Besides th e per centum of people non in good in good wellness is in Salford 11-12 % ( Census 2001 ) . the statistically analysis of the 2001 Census information shows overall a significance of P value lt ; 0.05 which means that there is a significance relationship between the dependant and predicted independent variables. Although the information is 10 old ages old but it is a nationally recognized and trusted informations. There may be a batch of betterments in the last 10 old ages but due to the fact that there is no secondary informations handiness it could be really hard to estimations informations based on assorted socioeconomic factors. From spread secret plan diagram of assorted dependent and independent variables it can be concluded that there is strong positive and negative linear relationship except with cardinal heating where there is a weak positive and negative additive relationship. Through the tabular array 1 and 2 in the appendices shows clear that people non in good wellness are among the lowest in Greater Manchester part followed by North West County and in England. Although the cardinal warming has no or really small relationship with people in wellness but there are other factors such as economic position, matrimonial relationship and term of office. Recommendation: Every local authorization has a responsibility in this instance Salford metropolis council to see the lodging status and its impact on wellness on an one-year footing under the Housing Act 1985. The local authorization should put their ain marks and strategic standards which must fulfill the home is fit for the people. If the local authorization see a home fails to carry through the basic standards and non suited for populating so the local authorization has the responsibility to take necessary action to cover with the belongings to halt further spreading of lodging related wellness jobs. It is of import that policies related to wellness policies should besides reflect lodging conditions and the ways to better both lodging and wellness conditions. It is the understood that hapless lodging non affects merely physiologically but besides on an single overall wellness conditions. Sustainable solutions should be imposed on in order to better lodging in general while heating and insularity in peculiar. farther research is needed to measure the complexness oh lodging and wellness indexs and find ways in which fuel poorness can be cut down or eradicated. How to cite Health Policy In Salford Manchester Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Cultural Competence and Diversity in Healthcare

Question: Critically examine and reflect upon cultural competence and diversity in healthcare based on your practice learning experiences to date. A rationale for your chosen approach to reflection. A critical reflective discussion of cultural competence and diversity in healthcare within the context of the four Nursing and Midwifery Council domains of professional values; communication and interpersonal skills; nursing practice and decision making; leadership management and teamwork. A critical review and evaluation of how these experiences will influence and inform your nursing practice. Reference to relevant literature to support your discussion using the APA referencing format. Answer: Introduction The objective of this paper is to present my reflection on cultural competence and diversity in healthcare. This paper is based on my personal experiences. The cultural competence and diversity in health care depends on the way health is defined (Hockenberry Wilson, 2014). The term health could be defined from multiple perspectives. The definition of health could be based on the perceptive of multiple worldviews. An important definition of health is from Person perspective. Fawcett describes the person as the recipient of nursing, including individuals, families, communities, and other groups. Another important worldview is Environment. According to Fawcett the environment refers to the persons significant others and physical surroundings, as well as to the setting in which nursing occurs, which ranges from the persons home to clinical agencies to society as a whole (Miller, 2006). I think that health is a subjective term and health could have multiple connotations. For example, hea lth could be related to physical fitness, mental satisfaction, psychological wellbeing etc. I personally believe that good health is a mental frame or feeling of belief and confidence. It would include physical health as well as mental health. In this paper I have used the four Nursing and Midwifery Council domains of professional values; communication and interpersonal skills; nursing practice and decision making; leadership management and teamwork.A brief definition of these four domains can be discussed as: Professional values: These values refer to the professional values that nurses carries as a part of their profession (Peek Park, 2013). I have learned that these values should be common across all the nurses and NMC promotes high ethical and moral values as the professional values of nurses Communication and interpersonal skills: This domain refers to the need to communication and interpersonal skills that the nurses should have (Parker, 1998). It is important that the nurses should be able to communicate effectively with patients and other stakeholders. Decision Making: This domain on NMC focuses on the effective decision-making. It is important that nurses should not waste the time to take critical decisions Leadership management and teamwork: As the nurses grow in profession, it is important that they must have the traits of leaders In this reflection paper, I would discuss my learning of past three years and I would share my experiences in all the four domains. The Phenomenological community I belong to is nursing. As nurses we share knowledge, we conduct research and perform evidence based practice. We put into effect what we have learned, seen, experienced and place together all of the outcomes to provide better care for our patients. The field of nursing has changed greatly over the past few years and many older nurses are more outgoing and willing to help the new nurses with their understanding and application when they are just starting off (Balls, 2009). Nurses are super caring, involved in the community and gain pride in helping others. The reflection cycle that I have used in this paper can be shown as: The story that I would follow with this reflective model is the way a trusting relationship is build with the patient as well as their family. Analysis I would like to begin the analysis with the definition of the terms like cultural competency, diversity and reflection. These terms are defined with respect to their application in the health care industry. Cultural competence: Cultural competence is a set of congruent behaviors, attitudes, and policies that come together in a system, agency or among professionals and enable that system, agency or those professions to work effectively in cross-cultural situations (Delgado Ness, 2013). Another definition of cultural competency is the ability to manage the cultural differences in a multicultural environment. Diversity: Diversity in health care refers to the state of being diverse. This is the state where the stakeholders have different and diverse background (Long, 2012) Another definition of diversity and diverse workforce is the presence of people from different cultural backgrounds and different attitudes. Critical Reflection: The term critical reflection means that the content of this paper is based on my learning and experiences I believe that spirituality has an important role to play in healthcare diversity. I would like to start my reflection with the role of spirituality in health care industry and cultural competency in health care. Spirituality has an important role to play in health care industry (Seright, 2012). It is correct to say that philosophical and cultural tension has increased between science and religion. I believe that this tension could reduce and both science and religion could co-exist in health care industry. With time and with advancements in science, health care industry has seen various transformations (Dogan, 2012). However, I believe that spirituality still exists in the roots of health care industry. With time, the definition of spirituality and being spiritual has also changed (Olson, 2015). I believe that spirituality is not only about God and Christ. Spirituality is a broader term that provides confidence and strength to patients and their family members. It also provided stre ngth of doctors, physicians, nurses and other stakeholders. This tension between science and religion could be eased if people are open to accept the viewpoints of other people with different views. The reflection cycle for this reflective paper can be discussed as: Description Cultural diversity and cultural competence care is something that all nurses will struggle with at one point or another during their practice due to the increase progression of diverse populations. This issues focuses on my personal experiences of patients with different cultural backgrounds. Cultural competence can include: language, religion, beliefs, customs, traditions, etc. and all should be respected no matter what the current medical situation is being presented. I find that within my current community, although everyone's culture is similar to my own, when I go to work in another community their is a broad variety of cultures that are either similar to my own or completely different. This was an issue as I have to manage the people from different cultural backgrounds and I was not able to develop good rapport with all the patients. It is interesting to get to know these patients and their culture as it helps me not only perform needed care but also understand their healthcare needs based upon their own current practices. I feel that by knowing and understanding their culture it also helps me advocate for their healthcare needs as well which leads to higher patient satisfaction, compliance, and most importantly helps me build a trusting relationship with the patient as well as their family. By getting to know the patient, I am able to treat them holistically, which shows them my true passion and caring nature toward their health. However, I was not sure that how to deal with the patients when they belong to different culture and they are not able to show confidence in you. There was an Indian patient named Sarabjit and she was not able to share anything with. Probably she was not comfortable with the service provider of any other culture. Feelings I was not feeling good and in fact I was feeling bit apprehensive at the starting. However, my colleagues told me that it was natural and it happens a lot of time in nursing practice. Unlike my situation however, I do understand that as nurses being able to learn cultural competence has to occur at a very fast pace regardless of the specialty area or unit in which we work due to the high patient demand. There are several challenges that inhibit the progression of culturally competent care within the communities but there are many progressions that are being made as well with medical facilities incorporating more culturally diverse staff, educational programs, etc. that are becoming readily available for their staff members. According to Truong, Paradies, and Priest (2014), culturally competent care can increase once the nurse is aware of their own values, attitudes, beliefs and behaviors as well as help the nurse increase development of their assessment and communication skills. Evaluation The challenges that community nurses face while providing care for different communities include language barriers (Orange Coast Memorial Medical Center, 2013). Some of the possible solutions to language barriers is providing educational materials in the language of the target population. Other ways to address language barriers is to assign a community health nurse that speaks the language of the targeted population. Some of the challenges a nurse may face if she is presented with a community that is different to her are related to cultural differences, and would include barriers such as verbal and body language differences. At the same time, this is a benefit because the nurse is able to evolve their cultural competency. Conclusion In a community similar to his or her own, a nurse would feel comfortable but would not have the same room for growth that they would have in a different community. And finally, being in the same community can be restrictive, a challenge that Ive faced working in the community that I live in is encountering people I know personally or professionally as patients and finding that it is difficult for them to communicate with me as openly as a patient who was a stranger to me would. Ways to overcome these challenges are to continually stay open minded and willing to adapt to changes (Rosenkoetter, 2014). Nurses need to accept that ideal situations are dismal in this field and we all need to be willing to expand our knowledge regarding different communities. Action The action is about the action plan that I would use as a part of self-improvement. I believe that education is definitely the key to success with everything and anything. We are not only responsible for caring for our communities but also educating them so that they are able to improve their health situations (Kirmayer, 2012). However, education will only be successful if it is tailored specifically to each communities needs. First, before we are able to implement the needed changes to create a healthy community we have to get a basic understanding of where the community is and what their own personal beliefs or understandings are toward living healthy because not everyone has the same understanding and beliefs about what healthy is. Once we can understand their visions and understandings then we can begin to work with the community and tailor a plan specifically for them so that they will have a healthier community (Phyllis, 2009). Creating a healthy community is a progressive chai n of events that will not happen overnight but with proper commitment, tools, education, planning, and resources it can be accomplished to ensure better healthy for everyone. The timelines for the action plan can be shown as: Phase Time Assessment 3 weeks Framework Development 3 weeks Learning curve 15 weeks Continuous Learning Ongoing The reflection of the four Nursing and Midwifery Council domains of professional values can be discussed as: Domain 1: Professional values I believe that the nurses can have high professional values only when the community has high professional values. A healthy community will reduce racial, ethnic, and socio-economic health disparities (Community Cheer, 2011). Each community member should be given room for growth to develop skills and abilities. Community members should not be held back and should be able to share creativity and talents with each other. Communities as a whole should develop goals and produce positive outcomes. The Community/Public Health Nurse needs to focus on creating partnerships with the public, health providers, and health entities to develop healthy relationships (CDC, 2014). The American Nurses Association (ANA) feels that community health nursing must focus on the prevention of illness and the promotion and maintenance of health (Mauver Smith, 2009). Other nurse preventions/promotions for a healthy community are to write a legislator, become active in local politics, or write a letter to the e ditor of a newspaper regarding health policy issues. Domain 2: Communication and interpersonal skills According to Shepard (2004), when working with community health, the members awareness and information concerning group needs and resources are considered sporadic as their access to their necessary resources relies on existing relationships or links within the community as well as word of mouth from other members who have had previous or current positive results. All healthy communities have the same goals in common and strive to maintain their goals as much as possible. The communities as a whole work together to ensure optimal health for all its members through utilize everyones knowledge to help one another. A great example of this can be seen through creating and maintaining a community garden where all its members are able to grown their own fruits and vegetables in a designated area within the community where all the varies families are able to come daily, weekly, or monthly to obtain their needed groceries to create their balanced meals so they do not have eat fast foods and have more healthier options for their family. Or it can be seen through having community exercise programs, community transportation to medical care, more readily available medical care within the community that includes urgent care, hospitals, medical teams, etc. that can be used by everyone regardless of their socioeconomic status. Overall the primary goal of creating a healthy community is to ensure that its members are living according to their health guidelines where everyone is receiving the proper health promotion and maintenance. Through research by Smith (2009), it was found that communities where health living was pushed and supported there was improved community exercise compliance, reduced gas emissions with improved air quality, fewer injuries and even car accidents, more physical activity among adults and children, increased social development, lower body weights, and even decreased chronic disease. But before this can be achieved as a member of the healthcare team, a firm understanding of the communitys beliefs toward being a healthy community must be known and understood. Once their beliefs and understandings are known, then we can work together to create their healthy community goals. However, if their views and beliefs differ from my own, then it is important for me to understand why it differs and how to develop the proper plans, goals, and interventions based upon our differences while also reassuring the community of positives. Some things that I can do to help overcome this deficit include first and foremost, getting out within the community and actively helping its members by seeing and understanding why they live the way they live, seeing their daily patterns, understanding their concerns, etc. A lot of hands on and direct care must be taken as it can be challenging for the community to not just open up to change but also want to change based upon the recommendations of someone they do not know. Trust must be built and understanding has to be known so that everything will be individualized showing care and leading to increased compliance (Horey, 2014). This is something that will not just affect their home life, but work, school and all other aspects so compliance and maintenance can be sustained. Nursing practice and decision-making The future of nursing practice depends on insurance (Kim, 2013). The future of healthcare that excites me most is the role of public-private partnership. In the current time, most of the mid size hospitals and healthcare institutions can not afford to make huge capital investments due to high costs and risks involved. In the future, these organizations can have integration with government to focus on excellent infrastructure that can help to provide excellent healthcare services to consumers. The role of private insurance would also increase, as government cannot cover all the citizens under its insurance plans (Compton, 2013). The possible effect of health care reform from a financial and accounting perspective is an increase in the capital investment made by hospitals. At the same time, the competition is increasing in healthcare industry. Therefore, healthcare organizations may have to cut their operational cost to make way for capital expenditure. I work with a lot of elderly and it a sad sight when they end up hospitalized or in nursing homes with very few visitors other than their spouse, children, or grandchildren. Some of the elderly have no living relative and only one friend who are just as old as they are. Building a community where senior outreach is promoted can encourage seniors to be more active in their daily lives. Obstacles faced by seniors include lack of financial resources, lack of motivation, and physical limitations due to past surgeries, malnutrition, mental changes or other illnesses (Yang Lee, 2012). Promoting healthy habits at an earlier age when the individual is able such good hygiene, as you have mentioned, diet, exercise, and community involvement can help the elderly age with less complications. I hope that you will reach your goal in establishing an outreach program for the seniors of the community. Leadership management and teamwork It is critical that leaders should promote the health life in the community through health communities. A healthy community to me is one that seeks improvement in all aspect of the community (Choi Lee, 2016). It is one where healthcare is promoted through nursing outreaches or other route, and there it exists a huge social network where information is shared. A healthy community entails that its residents know what healthy behaviors, modifiable diseases, and risky behaviors are. In this type of communities, you will find people exercising, dieting and focusing on prevention of disease rather than their treatment. Most Healthy community has in common what is called healthcare community program (HCP) that are mostly put in place by the CDC. This program through leadership encourages or reinforces people commitment to healthy choices (CDC, 2015). As an example Tabaco use can be prohibited in public within certain communities where there is a HCP that makes smoking cessation a goal. For all communities out there that lack the information and the commitment to make their community a healthy place, nurses can help by implementing structures that would involve outreach, specific community leader training, disease prevention education, and monthly newsletter that will track the improvement of this specific communities. All healthy communities should be at proximity of a park where children can exercise and hospitals (Smit, 2013). My idea of a healthy community would include the ability to interact with other people in a smoke free environment. It would be a community with clean air, water and access to healthy food sources. It would include the ability for residents to have contact with natural surroundings in order to have a more walkable community to help reduce the amount of car traffic and have a healthier air quality in the community and reduce the risk of obesity and other cardiovascular and respiratory issues. While most communities are unique, most healthy communities share common traits. According to the Health Resource in Action research, some common elements include the lack of disparities, a strong economy and employment, higher education, preventative health care services, a stable environment and ecosystem, housing, the ability to have access to healthier food, safety, involvement of all community members and the development of healthy children (Nuszen Rom, 2014). It would be very difficult to expect to have all these elements in a healthy community, but understanding the most important elements needed to create a healthy community will help in successfully developing a healthy community (2015). If the idea of a healthy community didnt match my community's definition, then I would become a member of a community government group to help set up meetings with members of our neighborhood in order to assist in obtaining information on how to improve our community (Common Pathways, 2011). In trying to improve our community in working together we can all bring valuable ideas and skills that can help promote and develop a healthier community (2011). A healthy community should have election based positive leaders that communicate openly through newspaper, radio, television, or in person. The people of the community should have some decision making ability and members work together for common betterment. An example of this would be in our community, parents wanted a park. The community did not have the money to afford the full cost of what the public wanted. The community banded together and approached the city leaders with a plan devised to split the cost. The community not only raised over half the money, but over 100 volunteers came out to help build the park saving the county construction cost. As a result the kids of the community have a huge gym park, a water park, basketball court, and tennis court. The Papadopoulos model of cultural competence can be shown as: Common features of a healthy community include connecting people, providing resources, appreciating diversity, shaping the future of the community, producing leadership (common pathways, 2016), and promoting healthy habits from an early age. There are several ways to encourage the community to participate in healthier habits. One of the most effective ways is through social media. By utilizing the television, educational commercials about regular vehicle check-ups, benefits of owning a hybrid vehicle, and adverse effects of secondhand smoking. Another way to work towards a healthier community is through homeless outreach program (Lee Kim, 2012). I have found in our community we have a lot of success doing health fairs. We not only do them for general public but we partner with a lot of the local businesses and do health fairs for BP, Cholesterol, Flu Shots. We have found that a great resource to get preventative information out. We also partner with local schools doing programs such as hand hygiene and physical activity and health program. Preventative Health Maintenance Programs are a key component to the Health Program of a Healthy community (Romios Crock, 2013). We need more involved community health workers to instill life long learning and education to meet the needs of the communities in which they live in. I feel that there are many resources and campaigns out there but not sure if they are reaching their target populations such as the low income, or immigrants who come here and are afraid to seek help. These populations end up seeking care in our ERs and usually once a disease process has already begun to cause irre versible change. And I think that it would not be considered taking their fate into their own hands but rather them understanding their are resources available to help guide them into the right direction. In the last three years, I have learned that eliminating disparities, achieving health equity, and improving health for all groups are inevitable to create a healthy concept community as the Healthy People 2020 stated its goals for health promotion and disease prevention (Hart, 2014). I have also learned that community standard established by individual help in which he or she lives and it is responsibility for each one maintain positive living environment. Community standards are mutually agreed upon expectations, which guide our residential communities in maintaining a safe and respectful environment in which all are able to flourishand live healthy and wealthy life. Conclusion The above paper discusses the cultural competence diversity in health care. The above also discusses the challenges of cultural competence in nurses. Some challenges for community health nurses are different beliefs and orientation of the community to health or cultural diversity. This is why cultural diversity is one of the challenges faced by the community nurses (Branson, 2013). Therefore it is very important for the community nurse to be aware of language and cultural difference. On the other hand, the benefit is that they shared values, interests, beliefs and goals these will make it easy for the community nurse to deliver health care with little or no problem. A possible solution to the challenges is delivering the education on health care to the community through the use of interpreter when dealing with patient who does not speak English. I agree that a nurse should have cultural competency in relation to the demographic for which they are serving. This can be difficult to est ablish at first, depending on what cultures you've already been exposed to. I will admit that feeling comfortable definitely is nice, and I can be fearful at times that people from other cultures may find me to be offensive. Also, at my hospital if we need to use a phone interpreter I feel that it drags out the conversation with my patients and a lot of times they seem very confused, but I don't know if what I'm saying is being adequately translated. References Balls, P. (2009). 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